Creatine Then and Now: History and Evidence

From an early muscle discovery to modern human research

Creatine has a much longer history than the supplement aisle. Its story begins with the chemistry of muscle and leads to a practical question: can increasing the creatine stored in muscle improve what people can do in training?

The strongest case remains repeated, high-intensity exercise and support for resistance-training adaptations. Newer research is also testing safety questions more carefully. Findings in one group or one laboratory measure should not become a promise for everybody.

The Early Discovery

The French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul identified creatine in meat in the nineteenth century; histories date the discovery to 1832. It was a naturally occurring compound before it was a sports supplement. [1,2]

Creatine helps explain how working muscles rapidly recycle energy. Phosphocreatine donates a phosphate group to help regenerate ATP, the molecule cells use to power work. This system matters particularly during brief, demanding efforts. Supplementation can increase muscle creatine stores; it does not replace the training stimulus. [3]

1992: An Important Human Study

Harris, Söderlund and Hultman published a landmark study showing that oral creatine supplementation could increase creatine in human muscle. This connected the biochemical theory to a measurable change in people. It was an important foundation, rather than proof of every performance claim that followed. [4]

From Muscle Stores To Training Outcomes

Later studies asked whether the extra stored creatine translated into useful adaptations. A 2023 systematic review examined trials lasting at least six weeks that used MRI, CT or ultrasound to assess regional muscle growth. Its findings favoured a small additional hypertrophy effect when creatine accompanied resistance training. Direct muscle measurements are useful because a short-term increase in body weight or “lean mass” is not automatically new muscle protein. [5]

This distinction matters when looking at before-and-after claims. Early scale changes and longer-term training adaptations are different outcomes.

2025: Testing The Hair-Loss Claim Directly

A randomised trial recruited 45 resistance-trained men aged 18–40; 38 completed 12 weeks. Participants received either 5 g/day of creatine monohydrate or placebo. Researchers found no significant between-group differences in DHT or measured hair outcomes. That is reassuring evidence against the claim, but a small 12-week trial cannot exclude every possible effect over years or in other populations. [6]

2026: Why Kidney Tests Need Context

A July 2026 meta-analysis included 26 trials and 1,036 participants. Serum creatinine increased by an average of 0.14 mg/dL, while kidney filtration assessed using Cr-EDTA did not differ significantly. Creatinine-based estimates can be affected by altered creatinine production; an increase is not automatically evidence of kidney injury. [7]

There were important differences between studies, and relatively few assessed filtration directly. The review searched for trials only through March 2025 despite its 2026 publication date. It does not establish unrestricted safety for people with kidney disease. Tell the clinician interpreting your blood tests if you take creatine; do not dismiss an abnormal result yourself.

What A Buyer Should Take From The History

Creatine monohydrate has an established research base. A common research approach is a daily maintenance intake of 3–5 g; loading is an optional way to raise stores faster, not a requirement. Follow the product directions and seek individual advice if you have a relevant medical condition. [3]

The useful story is the progression from discovering a muscle compound to measuring its effects in controlled human studies. A claim deserves attention when the outcome, dose, participants and limitations are clear—not simply because the supplement is old or the headline is new.

REFERENCES
[1] McCarthy et al. D3-creatine dilution for skeletal muscle mass measurement: historical development and current status. 2022. Historical review. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36059250/
[2] Creatine supplementation and brain health: Methodological challenges, current evidence, and translational perspectives. 2026. Historical discovery date only. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnphys.2026.100017
[3] Kreider et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0173-z
[4] Harris, Söderlund and Hultman. Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. Clinical Science. 1992;83:367–374. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1327657/
[5] The Effects of Creatine Supplementation Combined with Resistance Training on Regional Measures of Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37432300/
[6] Lak et al. Does creatine cause hair loss? A 12-week randomized controlled trial. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40265319/
[7] Almeida et al. Impact of creatine supplementation on kidney health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Published 27 July 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-026-05287-x